Bombarded by Bugs

Field Observations:

August 19, 2013

Walking into my prairie today I couldn't help but wonder, where has summer gone?  Perhaps this is a reflection of my mindset as this session of classes come to an end, but I think there are greater forces at work.   It was a sunny day with temperatures barely creeping into the eighties, which for some would mean the epitome of the summer season.  I however could only see the change happening all around me.  The Gray-headed Coneflower which had so beautifully covered the landscape with its yellow drooping petals had shed its skirt of color, leaving only its brown center to dot the prairie.  Below foot I could feel the crisp crunch of plant life that had dried out for the season, preparing itself to overwinter.  

Looking across the prairie I had the sudden realization that something was missing, which I had not noticed in my previous visit.  The Cabbage White butterflies, which were so prolific when I first began visiting the prairie, were no longer present.  One lone Cabbage White fluttered along the tree line, a small speck of white in what seemed to be a sea of yellow.  Even the grass that was going to seed around me seemed to be following suit in maintaining this color theme.  

As in all trends that are set, there has to be the individual who breaks the mold, and my prairie was no exception.  Within this world of all things yellow, I happened to hear the whispered promise of the presence of blue.  The Indigo Bunting, perched in the shrubs, questioned the status quo here.  Although his call of "Fire fire, here here, where where, see it see it" may be seen as a continuation of this monochromatic scene, I knew his true colors, even if he remained hidden.   

Species Identification:

Soldier Beetle (Chauliognathus pennsylvanicus) 

This almost mustard colored beetle can easily be distinguished the two black oval spots that adorn its outer wings, and a single spot on its pronotum. The extended abdomen of this species is yellow and black striped.  Atop its head are very long antennae.   The length of this beetle is 9-12 mm.

It is no surprise that I have not encountered this beetle until now seeing as they are found in their adult stage from August until September.  The adult lays their eggs in soil or leaf litter.  Early in the spring pupation will occur.

Another common name for this beetle is the Goldenrod Leatherwing. Its almost leathery color may be partial explanation for this name, but its habitat being one where goldenrod is located also explains its name.  Although this particular organism was not found on a goldenrod plant it is known to feed on the pollen and nectar of other plants as well.  

"Species Chauliognathus pensylvanicus."BugGuide. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Aug. 2013. <bugguide.net/node/view/438>.

Male

Eastern Tiger Swallowtail (Papilio glaucus) 

This species is a member of a family that gains its name from the distinctive tails on the lower portion of its wings.  The Eastern Tiger Swallowtail has a wing span of 2 1/2 -4 1/2 inches.  The name most likely comes from the fact that this butterfly is yellow with black tiger stripes.   The female can be distinguished from the male by the presence of an iridescent blue along the lower edges of the interior hind wings.  A black version of the female also exists.

Female 

The host plant of this species can be wild, cherry, sweet bay, basswood, tulip tree, birch, ash, cottonwood, or willow.  Nearby forests    most likely provide this area for adult butterflies to lay their eggs.  The chrysalids of this species will overwinter.  The adult will feed from a variety of flower's nectar although favorites may include Milkweed and Joe-pye Weed.  Although the latter has not been identified in my prairie the presence of the first in this prairie along with the many other flowering plants make it a suitable habitat.  

"Attributes of Papilio glaucus ." Butterflies and Moths of North America. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Aug. 2013. <www.butterfliesandmoths.org/species/Papilio-glaucus>.

European Mantid (Mantis religisoa) 

This large insect has a length of 50-75 mm, which includes its wing length.  The slight presence of a black dot on its arms made me believe it was a member of this particular species.  The name of this species roughly translates to "religious" which most likely refers to the organisms tendency to clasp its forelegs together looking much like it is praying.

This species is widespread across the United States.  Gardens and agricultural areas make a great habitat for mantis since it is sunny and contains plenty of insects to serve as a food source.  They like to live in areas with shrubbery or herbaceous plants therefor the prairie would definitely fall into this category.  Any insect that is out during the day is a prime target to become a meal.  

"Praying Mantis - Mantis religiosa - Overview - Encyclopedia of Life."Encyclopedia of Life - Animals - Plants - Pictures & Information. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Aug. 2013. <http://eol.org/pages/487055/overview>.

Aphids (Aphididae Uroleucon)

These tiny insects are well known by many farmers since they are considered a common pesk problem.  With their ability to reproduce asexually they can increase in numbers fairly quickly forming a huge colony that is feeding on the plants.  This particular group can be recognized by its red bodies.  They are known to feed on plant species in the aster family which includes the Cup Plant leaf that they can be seen on in this picture.  Other members of the Asteraceae include the Black-eyed Susan, Yarrow, and Gray-headed Coneflower that are all found in this particular prairie meaning lots of potential food sources are present here.  

"Genus Uroleucon." BugGuide. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Aug. 2013. <bugguide.net/node/view/111222>.

A Second to Consider Climate Change:

Global climate change has become a hot button topic that many people are concerned about.  Within the scientific community much research is being done to determine what change might look like across a large scale, and more in-depth research is being done in other areas as to how this change will affect particular organisms and unique balances nature has created.  It is projected that the global climate change will mean an overall increase in temperature as well as increased precipitation during particular periods followed by times of drought.  

The question then becomes, what could that mean for this particular prairie.  As I have discovered in my previous studies many of the prairie plants rely on their production of seeds to further their species.  These seeds are designed to overwinter before they are then ready to germinate.  If overall temperatures during the winter drop then these seeds may not go through this necessary process meaning they would no longer be viable. 

Prairie plants are well adapted to deal with dry conditions that may come with droughts, but the change in rainfall may become a potential problem.  If increased rain creates more wet conditions other species may be able to out-compete those found in the prairie currently.  In general changing conditions will mean this change in where plants are able to survive which could change the makeup of plant life in areas also affecting the other life that is reliant on these plants.  

"Midwest | Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States 2009 Report." Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States 2009 Report | U.S. Global Change Research Program. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Aug. 2013. <http://nca2009.globalchange.gov/midwest>.

Creative Contribution:

In Full Bloom: 

A Photographic Series by Allison Broomhall

What Goes Bump in the Night?

Field Observations:

August 12, 2013

It was a cool evening as I headed out to the prairie this week.  Other obligations had made it impossible to visit my ecosystem at my normal time so I decided to make the best out of the situation and try to look on the bright side.  With the temperatures dropping as dusk settled in, I put on my rain boots ready for the dew that might be accumulating on the plants.  Over the past several weeks I had visited my prairie in the early hours of the morning, in the mid-morning coolness, during the hot hours of the afternoon, and even towards the evening, but tonight would be the first time I would stay in my prairie as darkness settled in.  

I began exploring as I waited for the sun to slowly set.  It didn't surprise me that in these last minutes before dark that the birds were incredibly active.  It was almost like visiting my old friends as I heard the Common Yellowthroat chatter away and watched the Tree Swallows as they filled their bellies with their last meal of insects for the day.  I happened to hear the soft "mew" of a Gray Catbird hanging out in the trees that separate the prairie from the swamp.  It was in this direction that the "jug-a-rum" of a Bullfrog could also be heard.  Although the birds were quite lively, it surprised me that the insects seemed to have already settled in for the night.  The all too familiar buzz of life was not present. Instead I noticed that quite a few bees were hanging out on the underside of flowers or leaves.  

It was at this time that I started to recognize the rumbling of thunder in the distance.  Perhaps my insect friends would normally still be active, but on this night they were just preparing for the storm that was rolling in.  I was slightly worried that the ensuing storm was going to rain on my plans, but with a bit of persistence I realized luck would be on my side.  Darkness had wrapped itself around the prairie and a whole new rhythm of life began to unfold.  The Tree Swallows were replaced by their nocturnal counterparts, a different set of insects flashed their presence throughout the flowers, and a call from the other side of the prairie signaled to me that night was finally here.  Enthralled with the masked family I had just met, and slightly spooked by the eerie calls of the Coyotes in the distance I decided that it was time to pack it up for the night.  By this time the lightning was dancing across the sky, and I made it home just in time for the gust of winds to come sweeping in, bringing with them the glory of a true summer storm.  

Species Identification:

Firefly (Lampyridae)

This flying beetle is a nocturnal member of the Lampyridae family.  The fact that they are winged distinguishes from their other family members which are commonly referred to as glowworms.  This insect is a familiar sight on summer evenings as they make themselves quite noticeable with their bioluminescence.  The warmth of the summer days is necessary for their survival as well as a moisture, which explains why they so love our humid region.  As a larvae this insect feeds on worms and slugs, but in its adult form it will feed on the nectar and pollen of the many flowering plants that can be found in the prairies.

The flashing of this insect which is the reason for its name has a very good purpose.  Its flashing patterns can allow it to attract mates, and can also serve as a defense mechanism, warning predators that they are not very appetizing.  The firefly is able to produce light because of a specific organ within their abdomen.  When the insect takes in oxygen it is combined with luciferin to produce light with almost no heat.

Fireflies (Lightning Bugs), Firefly (Lightning Bug) Pictures, Firefly (Lightning Bug) Facts - National Geographic. (n.d.).Animals - Animal Pictures - Wild Animal Facts - Nat Geo Wild - National Geographic. Retrieved August 13, 2013, from http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/bugs/firefly/

Raccoon (Procyon Lotor)

This nocturnal mammal is easily recognized by the black mask covering its face and its ringed tail.  It can weigh anywhere form 4 to 23 pounds and its length ranges from 24 to 38 inches.  A more well-known mammal because of its ability to adapt to a variety of habitats including well-populated areas this animal can also be found in a variety of habitats such as prairie, marshes and forrests.  Being an omnivore this animal will eat almost anything they can get their hands on.  Although their quick reflexes may mean they can glean some tasty treats from the water such as crayfish and frogs, they will also eat mice, insects, fruits and vegetables.  Their long fingers and quite dexterous paws definitely aid them in catching their food.

Raccoon's denning sites can vary from a house's attic to a fallen log or tree hole.  The female gives birth to up to seven cubs who stay in this protected area for the first two months of their lives before they begin exploring.  The small family of three raccoons I discovered are probably just now beginning to investigate their surroundings on their own.  The average life span for this mammal is only 2-3 years.

Raccoons, Raccoon Pictures, Raccoon Facts - National Geographic. (n.d.).Animals - Animal Pictures - Wild Animal Facts - Nat Geo Wild - National Geographic. Retrieved August 13, 2013, from http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals

Photo Credit:Kentucky Bat Working Group

Big Brown Bat (Eptesicus fuscus)

The Big Brown Bat is the largest nat found in this area reaching lengths of 5 inches and having a wingspan of 13 inches.  Their body is covered with a brown fur that is paler below, but their is no hair on their wings.  Since this mammal is able to fly it must be lightweight.  This particular species weighs around half an ounce.  This more common bat is found all over probably due to its ability to live in a variety of areas such as forests, cities, parks and farms.  A critical need for this animal is a place to roost, but a plethora of sites have been utilized.  With the nearby barn or the forested areas there would be plenty of places for this species to roost.

The prairie with all of its insect life makes for a great feeding ground for the bat.  They tend to catch their prey while flying which explains why they eat beetles, moths, wasps, flies, stick bugs, dragonflies and many other insects.  Being a nocturnal animal it is no surprise that it does not rely on sight to find its food.  Instead the bat uses echolocation, or a series of high-pitch sounds that bounce of objects and return to the bat allowing them to determine where things are.  Once a bat has located an insect it will catch it within its wings similar to the idea of using a net. 

Big Brown Bat . (n.d.). Kentucky Bat Working Group . Retrieved August 12, 2013, from biology.eku.edu/bats/bigbrownbat.html

Eastern Screech Owl (Megascops asio)

The stand of trees near the prairie makes it possible for this species to call this area their home since they must have a tree cavity to nest in.  This small owl's diet includes a variety of invertebrates, small mammals, and birds which can all be found within the prairie.  Being a nocturnal animal they are most active at night, but they often hunt during the dawn and dusk hours.  When hunting these birds will place themselves on a perch around ten feet off the ground that they can then dive off of when their prey is detected.

Pairs of these owls are usually monogamous although occasionally there will be two females and one male.  Like most birds of prey the female is often larger than the male.  This short stocky bird appears to have no neck, but atop its hear are two pointed ear tufts.  There are two color patterns in the bird, one being the gray phase and the other the rufous.  Each color has a complex pattern of bands and spots that provide the bird with excellent camouflage.  Although it is very difficult to spot these birds their presence is often known from their distinct trilling or whinnying song.

Eastern Screech-Owl, Identification, All About Birds - Cornell Lab of Ornithology . (n.d.). Your online guide to birds and bird watching . Retrieved August 13, 2013, from http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/eastern_screech-owl/id

A Second to Consider Invasive and Non-native Species:

When studying an ecosystem it is important to know what is expected to be found there.  A common concern when talking about an area is what invasive or non-native species to look for.  These species are ones that in the past are not known to have been there.  Usually they have come to be present in an area by the intervention of humans, whether this was accidental or on purpose.  The difference between an invasive and a non-native species is determined by the affect that species presence has on the surrounding life.  If by being there a species is outcompeting a native species and making their survival difficult then it is considered to be invasive.  There can be varying opinions among experts as to what species qualify as invasive versus non-native.

With regards to the prairie that I am studying several of the species I have previously identified fall into these two categories.  An example of a non-native species would be the Queen Anne's Lace.  This species can be found scattered along the edges of the prairie.  In these disturbed areas it is able to make a good living, but it is not able to out-compete the other plants.  Within the prairie where much taller plants are present this species that needs more direct sunlight is not found.  Two examples of species that would be considered invasive within this prairie are the Yellow Sweet Clover and Bull Thistle.  Because of the use of prescribed burns these species are not able to get a good foothold and overtake portions of the prairie.

INPAWS : Threat of Invasive Plants. (n.d.). INPAWS : Indiana Native Plant & Wildflower Society. Retrieved August 14, 2013, from http://www.inpaws.org/biodiversity/threat-of-invasive-plants/

Creative Contribution:

By: Allison Broomhall

If You Only Look

Field Observations

August 4, 2013

It was an absolutely gorgeous day as I headed out to the prairie to make my observations for this week. The skies were a brilliant blue with the occasional white fluffy cloud, and with temperatures in the mid-seventies it was neither too hot or too cold(even for me.) With bug net in hand I set out, excited for all I would potentially find.  I find it funny that each day I have a potential course of action in mind of what I will explore and the things I might find, but nature is always quick to change this for me.  This week was no exception.

Ready to catch bugs and extend on what we had learned in class I was quickly distracted by the birds.  The swallows, that I am fairly convinced are Tree Swallows because of their white undersides, were performing their beautiful aerial acrobatics.  I couldn't help but hear the now familiar "witchety-witchety-witchety" of the Common Yellowthroat, but what truly caught my attention was a new visitor to my ecosystem, the Turkey Vulture.  These huge birds with their distinctive "V" in their wings were oh so gracefully riding on the air thermals.  Their presence was a reminder that this prairie, that was overflowing with life, is also a place where death is also present.  Briefly I considered trekking to the other side of the prairie where they were circling to see if I could stumble across the unfortunate carcass, but even if the Turkey Vultures would have stayed there were so many other things that caught my eye on this day that I am sure I would have never made it that far.

I am completely convinced at this point in time that the more you know, the more you are able to see.  I amazed myself as my eyes darted everywhere, constantly settling on things I knew.   The Big Bluestem caught my eye as it had changed since last week.  As I gazed up at it on this day I couldn't help but notice the seeds ready for dispersal.  Further in the prairie I was surprised to find a patch of purple, where it seems the wind had been kinder to the Bee Balm, leaving its petals intact.  Cabbage Whites, Bumblebees, and Honeybees all flitted from the flowers with lots of pollen loading some of them down.  I was proud of myself for recognizing the Spider-wasp with its black body, and bright yellow-orange antennas.  Going further into the prairie than any other time I was surprised when I stumbled across some bright orange Butterfly Weed.  All this time as I was exploring a Common Yellowthroat was following me around, never getting close enough for me to capture his image on my camera, but he was certainly not secretive in his calls.  The Panicled Tick Trefoil takes the prize for the day for making its presence known.  By the time I made it to the edge of the prairie hundreds of little hitch-hiker seeds had attached themselves to me, making for a frustrating experience at home where I had to try and pick off all the persistent things.

Like the weeks before there were many new discoveries this week, and some mysteries left to solve in weeks to come.  Below are some of the treasures that unfolded themselves to me in my tromping through the Cup Plants this week.

Species Identification:

Cope's Gray Treefrog (Hyla chrysoscelis) 

This small frog, often close to two inches long can be difficult to identify from similar species.  With an ability to change color based on its physical environment its coloration can change from brown, gray, to a variation of green.  This amazing adaptation allows it to have amazing camouflage in a variety of habitats.  

Being an amphibian, water is a critical necessity to its habitat.  The swamp running adjacent to this piece of prairie, along with the Cup Plant's that allow standing water to be present make for suitable living conditions for this species.  With a diet of insects, from moths, crickets, ants, flies, grasshoppers and beetles the prairie provides a plethora of options.  

Gray Treefrog - Hyla versicolor - NatureWorks. (n.d.). New Hampshire Public Television - Engage. Connect. Celebrate.. Retrieved August 6, 2013, from http://www.nhptv.org/natureworks/graytreef

Tall Ironweed (Vernonia altissima)

Easily recognized by its red-purple flowers growing in a disk and its red stem this plant can grow between six and ten feet high.  This plant is widely branched at the top to create the cluster of 30 or less 1/4 inch flower heads that make up the disk.  The alternate leaves of this plant are six to ten inches long and 3 inches wide, creating a lance-shaped leaf that is pointed on the end.  These toothed leaves are hairless on top, but have hair on the underside along with a distinct white midrib.  

The damp soil near the swamp creates a perfect ecosystem for this plant along with the fertile soil of the prairie.  Although relying primarily on reproduction by way of seeds this plant will sometimes have new shoots arise from the large root crown.  Some attribute this plants name to its tough stem that makes it difficult to dig up with a shovel.  

Ohio Perennial and Biennial Weed Guide. (n.d.). Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center - Home . Retrieved August 6, 2013, from http://www.oardc.ohio-state.edu/weedguide/singlerecord.asp?id=980

Groundhog (Marmota monax)

This small mammal, usually weighing no more than 14 pounds and measuring around 25 inches long including tail length, is a rodent in the same family as a squirrel.  This resemblance can be seen when considering the yellowish-brown fur covering their entire body including their short legs and bushy tail.  Their short legs attribute to the fact that this species can not run fast, therefore when threatened they will defend their territory.   

A Groundhog tends to take up residence in a burrow they dig, usually into the side of a slope.  The gentle rolling hills of this prairie presented a perfect place for this to be done.  Although in the winter time a wooded area makes a better location for a burrow since they will be hibernating, in the summertime they tend to create their homes near fields that will provide a good food source.  The prairie provides such a place with the many grasses, leaves, and fruits and seeds of flowering plants.  Considering an adult Groundhog can consume over a pound of vegetation a day an ample food source is necessary.  

DNR: Woodchuck (Groundhog). (n.d.).Indiana Department of Natural Resources. Retrieved August 6, 2013, from http://www.in.gov/dnr/fishwild/5694.htm

Common Spiderwort (Tradescantia ohiensis)

This perennial plant grows between two and four feet high.  Characteristic of its growth is its stem that is unbranched with that is distinctly round.  The leaves on this plant are very grass-like in the fact that they wrap around the stem in sheaths.  The leaves are about 1 inch wide and 15 inches long alternating along the stem and tend to droop downwards.  

In late to mid-summer this plant blooms showing its blue-violet flower.  The three rounded petals measure about one inch across and surround six bright yellow anthers and fine spidery violet hairs.  Opening up in the morning the sun causes these flowers to close by mid-day, although on cloudy days they may stay open longer.  This plant needs full to partial sun which can easily be achieved within the prairie.  The yellower look of the plant specimens I found is a sign that the conditions here from other plant competition may be taking its toll on this species currently.  

weather, t. a. (n.d.). Ohio Spiderwort (Tradescantia ohiensis). Illinois Wildflowers. Retrieved August 8, 2013, from http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx

Surviving Winter:

Creative Contribution:

"Urban Prairie Unveiled" by-Allison Broomhall

Windswept and Wet

Field Observations:

July 28, 2013

With temperatures in the 60's, it was  a cold morning as I hopped on my bike and headed out to the prairie.  The cold air had come as a shock when I opened the door to the front porch.  With my cold-blooded nature I knew right away I had to run back inside to put on several more layers before making my way outside.  Peddling up the hill, I was thankful I had chosen to throw my rain jacket on as a windbreaker as it started to drizzle.  With dreary weather I tried to keep my sunny attitude for this adventure as I made it to the prairie to make my third round of observations.

Getting off of my bike I knew right away that my previous plan to further investigate the birds in the area was going to be of no avail today.  One lone bird flew over the prairie, taking cover in the nearby trees, as I parked my bike among the plants.  Leaving my binoculars in my backpack, I slung my camera around my neck, tucking it under my rain jacket.  I began trekking through the damp plants deciding I'd make my way to the center of the prairie to gain a new perspective.


Aside from the sounds of the wind, the prairie was virtually silent.  No birds could be heard calling overhead, and the constant buzz of insects wings was missing.  This made it all the easier to become attuned to the sweeping of the wind.  The flower heads danced in waves as the wind tickled its way through them.  Upon closer examination you could tell that the flowers were weather-beaten from the storms the night before, many of them missing petals.  Although the Gray-headed Coneflowers looked quite dismal, I was struck at this moment by the fact that the sea of purple was no longer present in the landscape.  Perhaps aided by the wind, it seems its time for blooming has come to an end.

 Pulling myself out of the hypnotizing affect the bobbing of the flower heads had on me,  I soon noticed the more subtle motion of the grasses.  I quickly recognized the swaying of the Big Blue Stem grass that towered over many of the other plants.  The shimmy of a purple grass was one I did not know, so I plucked a sample to take back to the house to identify where it was dry.  Plopping myself down within the plant cover to further observe I found myself face-to-face with the Side-Oats Grama we identified in a previous class.  After time a bit of time spent hiding under the leaf cover I decided it was time to make my way back home so I could record my observations within the warmth of the house.

Species Identification:

Small Milkweed Bug (Lygaeus Kalmii)

Measuring from 10-12 millimeters this bug is fairly easy to recognize with its black and orange markings.  Their head is black exempt for a red spot, and they also have a black pronotum that has a red band.  The most distinguishable coloration is the black body with orange bands on their forewings that form an "X." 

The bright colors of this insect warn other predators to stay away.  Being an insect that lives off of the milkweed plant, it becomes quite toxic to others after consuming this plant.  Although milkweed may be their preferred choice of meal they will also feed from the nectar of other flowering plants.  However the milkweed plant becomes more crucial as it is their host plant for laying eggs.  In the spring an adult insect will lay their eggs on the milkweed plant which will then hatch into nymphs.  The nymph matures into an adult which is able to survive over winter so it can again lay its eggs in the spring.  

Bug of the Month - Small milkweed bug - Boston Harbor Islands biodiversity @ Harvard. (n.d.). Bioinformatics @ Harvard. Retrieved July 30, 2013, from http://insects.oeb.harvard.edu/boston_islands/bugmonth/0809_sml_mlkwd_bug.htm

Purple Love Grass (Eragrostis spectabilis)

This 1-3 feet tall grass usually grows in bunches.  The open panicle of the seed head is 1-2 feet and is just as wide.  It can be distinguished by its bright purple color.  A weak seed head makes it fairly easy for it to break off.

Although this plant grows in colonies it is not one to make up a large percentage of the plant composition.

Plants Profile for Eragrostis spectabilis (purple lovegrass). (n.d.). Welcome to the PLANTS Database | USDA PLANTS. Retrieved July 30, 2013, from http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=ERSP

Yellow Sweet-Clover (Melilotus officinalis)

This biennial herbaceous plant grows to be 3-5 feet tall.  Although it does not bloom the first year, the second year the top four inches of the central stem is adorned with yellow blooms along this spike-like raceme.  The leaves of this plant are alternate compound leaves with three leaflets.  The middle leaflet grows on a short stalk.  Although it is hard to see the leaves are very finely toothed.

Known for its abundance in roadsides this hardy plant is helped by a strong tap root.  It is also important to note that their hard seeds are able to stay viable in the soil for up to 30 years.  With its ability to shade out native sun-loving plants it is seen as an ecological threat.
White and yellow sweet clover - Invasive species: Minnesota DNR. (n.d.).Minnesota Department of Natural Resources: Minnesota DNR. Retrieved July 30, 2013, from http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/invasives/terrestrialplants/herbaceous/whitesweetclover.html

Goldenrod Gall Fly (Eurosta Solidaginis)

The Goldenrod Gall fly gets its name from its dependence on this plant within its lifecycle.  As an adult the small brown fly (5mm) spends much of its time on the plant as it is not known for its flying abilities.  After mating, a female will then use her ovipositor, or egg-laying tube, to inject her eggs into the stem of the goldenrod.  When the larvae hatch they begin eating away at the stem from the inside.  A chemical in their saliva causes the stem to grow abnormally around them creating a ball-shape that they live within.

This gall serves as protection for the larvae, even over the long, harsh winter.  In the spring they will use a escape tunnel that they have dug into the stem to emerge.  This gall home serves well to shield this insect from harm, but some species, including the Downy Woodpecker, have realized to recognizing this protrusion as a delicious snack source.

Goldenrod Gall Fly. (n.d.). FCPS Home Page Redirect Page. Retrieved July 30, 2013, from http://www.fcps.edu/islandcreekes/ecology/goldenrod_gall_fly.htm

                                        

A Second to Consider Ecotones:

An ecotone is the transitional area between two different ecosystems.  Within this border there are sometimes elements of each ecosystem creating a unique blend of life that can be present.  It is possible for this transition to be gradual, but other times it is also very abrupt.  Within the case of the prairie I am studying the ecotones are very discrete.  There is a clear line where prairie plants end and swamp plants are present or where the roadway splits the prairie from mowed lawns and fields.  This is mainly due to the fact that this prairie is a result of restoration.  Much of the border is surrounded by the road and land that is not part of the project therefor it continues to be cultivated.  In terms of succession this means there is no room for the gradual transition to take place.  As the prairie is burned on a cycle this clear line of where the ecotone is will be maintained.  

Creative Contribution:

"Nature's Umbrella" by Allison Broomhall

Sounds of Summer

Field Observations:

July 21, 2013

It was a cool morning as I rode my bike out to the prairie to make my weekly observations.  With a temperature of 73 degrees Fahrenheit and the wispy clouds keeping the sun at bay, I managed to make it there without breaking out in a sweat.  Dressed in jeans, ready to tromp through the tangle of plants, I was thankful for the reprieve from the hot temperatures that the previous week had provided.   Riding my bike past the length of prairie on S 650 W I observed the flutter of life that was occurring within this small patch of land.  Small Cabbage Whites danced between the flowers never stopping for more than a second on a single bloom.  I had planned to turn left onto W 100 S and travel to the opposite corner of the prairie.  I figured I would make my way in amongst the flowers to see if I uncovered any major differences in the species found on that side.  

Although this had been a great plan, my short attention span meant a change in action.  As I parked my bike in the ditch amongst the grasshoppers that had made their home in this frequently mowed long grasses I soon became distracted.    Perhaps it was a new awareness gained from our class experiences helping to bird band this week, or it could have just been the birds were as grateful for the cool air as I was, but I could not help notice their very active behavior.  I made my way in a little ways and found a nice place to sit amongst the flowers.  There, I sat so I could watch and listen.  

The first thing that drew my attention was a little critter flitting around in the tree on the edge of the prairie.  I couldn't help but think he was boisterously expressing his lack of approval with me being in his territory.  He kept chirping at me, for lack of a better word.  Short little bursts of sound, always taking care to stay hidden within the tree.  After several minutes I was able to catch sight of him as he flew to a new branch, flashing his bright red patch on his wing to let me know he was not happy.  Having figured out this mystery bird was none other than a Red-Winged Black Bird I turned my attention to the other choir of birds that were singing away.  Amongst the many calls I could tell there were several birds I did not know.  I did however recognize the distinct ping-pong ball dropping sound of the Field Sparrow.  

After several minutes I noticed that not only were the birds calling much more this morning, but they were also showing off their wonderful aerial acrobatic skills.  Two Goldfinches danced together near the telephone wires, their distinct yellow flashing against the black of their wings.  They dive-bombed at each other, taking each others place on the wires, seeming to enjoy a playful banter between each other.  There was also a small flock of what appeared to be a species of swallows.  They had a distinct forked tail, but without a bird guide along to help me identify them further I was at a loss.  At least next week I will know how to prepare before heading out to visit my new friends amongst the prairie.  This week will be spent studying up on the bird calls commonly found in a prairie, and a field guide for birds will be tucked into my backpack.  Although there is much more to discover in the future I rode away having uncovered several more secrets of the prairie.  

Species Identification:

Pasture Thistle (Cirsium pumilum)

This biennial plant begins its first year by creating a rosette of prickly leaves.  The next year the stem that shoots up will reach heights of 1-3 feet.  This plant is fairly recognizable because of its irregular purple shaped flower head.   The flower head is approximately 2'' in diameter and is made up of numerous disk florets.  

Aside from the recognizable flower the deeply lobed leaves that are quite spiky would let any curious person know what family this plant belongs in.  The leaves are alternating along the stem measuring up to 9'' long and 3'' across.  One distinguishing feature of this plant is that the top of the leaf is   green, whereas the bottom appears to be a powdery white due to the minute hairs there.  Also, as can be seen in the picture, the stem of this species does not have spikes.  

This hardy plant is able to survive in more disturbed habitats, but can also be found in many prairies.  Its preference is full sun with mesic moisture levels in the soil.  During times of drought the bottom leaves will turn yellow and fall off to help the plant conserve its energy.  Tufts of white hair develop on the achenes which helps this flower spread its seeds through wind dispersal.  

"Pasture Thistle (Cirsium discolor)."Illinois Wildflowers. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 July 2013. <http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/

Common Eastern Bumble Bee (Bombus impatiens)

There is some suggestions that this bee is named for the flower that he frequently visits, the Impatiens, but after my observations of this little species I'd agree more with the assumption that he is the "impatient" bumblebee.  A male bee of this species measures at 12-17 mm.  It is recognizable by its pale T1 and all black T2.  It is also known for its medium tongue length.   

Being the most often encountered bee across most of Eastern NorthAmerica this species has several adaptations that have given it a competitive edge.  These include its large colony size and long flight season.  This species is particularly important to the prairie ecosystem since it acts as one of the key pollinators amongst the flowering plants.  

"Species Bombus Impatiens - Common Eastern Bumble Bee." Welcome to BugGuide.Net! - BugGuide.Net. N.p., n.d. Web.

21 July 2013.

Cabbage White ( Pieres rapae) 

Photo Source: Unknown

With a smaller wingspan of only 4.5-5.8 cm this butterfly is a mere flash of white as it flutters from bloom to bloom.  If it were not for the immense number of them present they may have been more difficult to spot.  This species ability to survive in a variety of habitats including weedy areas, garden areas, roadsides, and even cities make them quite prolific.  This probably is influenced by the fact that they will nectar from a wide array of plants including dandelion,  mustards, asters, and mints.  The host plant, where they lay their eggs, is species in the mustard family.  

The white wings of this species make it easy to recognize along with the black tip.  This sex of this species of butterfly can be determined by examining the number of submarginal black dots.  A female will have two whereas the male will only have one.  

"Attributes of Pieres rapae." Butterflies and Moths of North America. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 July 2013. <www.butterfliesandmoths.org/species/Pieris-rapae>

                                                                            American Goldfinch (Dominiquito viajero)

Photo Courtesy of: The Cornell Lab of Ornithology

This bird is quite distinguishable due to his bright yellow color and black wings with white wing bars.  The female is a duller version of the male, but both birds have a drab coloring for their winter foliage.  

A small bird, its conical beak is a sign of its food source, which is why he was likely hanging out in the prairie.  The plethora of flowers from sunflowers, thistles, grasses, and the splattering of trees around the edges of the prairie provide plenty of sources of seeds for the goldfinch to indulge on.  

Being the only finch that molts twice in a year, its newly bright feathers in late winter is a welcome sign that spring is coming.  Breeding later than most birds, they do not nest until July when their food source is more bountiful.  Interestingly it has been found that their strictly vegetarian diet has proven to keep the Brown-headed Cowbird who lays their eggs in other birds nests from surviving in their brood and outcompeting their young.  

" American Goldfinch, Life History, All About Birds - Cornell Lab of Ornithology ." Your online guide to birds and bird watching . N.p., n.d. Web. 22 July 2013. <http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/americ

A Second to Consider Succession:

This small piece of prairie is considered to be in its second stage of succession.  Since it was once farmland, the use of the field for crops would be considered the initial disturbance.  The plowing of the field and constant planting of different species for harvesting would have disrupted the natural fauna that would have been present.  As the farmer may have noticed throughout his crops there is always a rich seed bank waiting for the opportune time to grow which is the first stage in succession.  A farmer's annoyance with these species has coined them obnoxious weeds, but for a more positive connotation in terms of nature retaking what was once hers we will use the term pioneer species.  As soon as a farmer quits working to eliminate these plants they will quickly take over.  The many seeds created for wind-pollination means these plants are ever present and can quickly take root and sprout.

The second stage in succession comes with appearance of biennial plants.  The first year these plants make their appearance they will only be present with their basal leaves.  These plants have the unique adaptation of putting all their energy into a strong root system which will give them the upper-hand over the annuals the following year since they will already be established.  The buzz of life we hear within the prairie could clue us into this stage without even glancing at the plant life there since we know these biennial plants depend on insect pollination.  

If left to nature's course, eventually woody perennials and shrubs would take advantage of the higher moisture levels created from the plant life already growing there and would soon begin to grow.  With conservations efforts to conserve prairies a burn regimen is usually put into place.  Prairie burns take place in the early spring.  The biennial plants with their established root system go unaffected by the burn and gain the upper hand over any plants that may be pushing towards further succession.  

Jackson, Marion T. (Ed.). (1997). The natural heritage of Indiana. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.

Creative Contribution:

A Solemn Sparrow

By:Allison Broomhall

A Sun Kissed Scene

Field Observations:

July 15, 2013

On this wonderfully hot and humid day with temperatures reaching all the way into the low nineties the heat of the sun was evident as I entered the prairie I will be studying over the course of the next several weeks.  Drawn to this open-field with the many blooming flowers, I adore the rays of the sun as they touch the faces of the plethora of plant life found here. With very little breeze the heat seemed somewhat stifling, but the life abuzz in the prairie seemed to be unaffected.  Within the first couple of minutes I recognized the buzz of insect life surrounding me.  Butterflies flitted from flowers along with damselflies.  I heard the faint hum of several species of bees dutifully pollinating the many flowers present.  On closer examination I could see beetles scuttling up the stems of various plants.  

Undoubtedly where there are insects there are sure to be birds nearby who will gladly partake in this feast. I recognized the soft "coo" of a Mourning Dove who sat upon the telephone wire, along with the chirps of several other species I was unable to identify at this time.   The nearby swamp provided a chorus of Green frogs to add into this symphony of sounds.  After collecting several samples of wildflowers to bring back to identify, I sat along the edge of the prairie to record these observations.  As the sun was setting, I was thankful for the shade provided on the East side of the plants, along with the gentle breeze I could hear rustling through the flora behind me.  

Species Identification:

Cup Plant/Indian Cup (Silphium perfoliatum)

With a height ranging from 4-8' this flowering plant is one of the tallest among the prairie species, making it quite noticeable at first glance.  This plant's preference for a wet environment  including river bottoms, open forests, and wet prairies makes sense due to the swamp that is adjacent to this particular patch of prairie.  

A look at the species' scientific name is a good indicator of the characteristics this plant is known for.  Perfoliata, which means "through the leaves" perfectly describes the way the square, hairless stem, comes through the pair of fused opposite leaves.  This fusion creates a cup like structure around the stem that collects rainwater.  This water attracts a plethora of insects and even birds.  The leaves of this plant are egg-shaped, rough and toothed.  The flower is a disc shaped yellow flower with numerous rays with a 2-3'' head.

Species of the Week: Cup Plant. (n.d.).Radford Public Library. Retrieved July 16, 2013, from http://www.radfordpl.org/wildwood/today/

Gray-Headed Coneflower (Ratibida pinnata)

This 3-5' wildflower prefers moist to dry soils.  The slender hairy stem may require other plant competition in the area in order to provide support.  Atop this thin stem is a flower with yellow rays that droop downward surrounding a grayish-brown cone which is taller than wide.  An anise scent can be detected when this central disc is bruised.  The alternate leaves of this plant are lance-shaped and toothed.  Due to its edible nature this plant is often quickly diminished if livestock is present for grazing.

 Ratibida pinnata (Pinnate prairie coneflower) | NPIN. (n.d.). Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center - The University of Texas at Austin. Retrieved July 16, 2013, from http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=RAPI

Queen Anne's Lace (Daucus carota)
An invasive species, this flowering plant was once planted for its medicinal purposes.  Its ability to adapt to a variety of soil conditions and its quick maturation rate helps it outcompete some native species.  

This plant is 1-3 ' high with alternating leaves along a bristly stem.  The head of the flower is 2-4'' wide with deeply and narrowly divided bracts beneath the umbel. 

Queen Anne's Lace. (n.d.). North Carolina State University. Retrieved July 16, 2013, from http://www.ncsu.edu/goingnative/howto/mapping/invexse/queenann.html

Daisy Fleabane (Erigeron annuus)

A more inconspicuous plant within this prairie this 1-5' high plant is common in fields and waste places.  This plant favors disturbed areas, but is also common in prairies, pastures and abandoned fields which tend to have full sun, dry conditions, and poor soil.  

As seen in the photograph the upper parts of the stem terminate in clusters of daisy-like buds.  The flower head is approximately 1/2'' in diameter and contains 40 plus white petals around a yellow disc center.  The achene enclosing the seeds of this plant have small bristles that enable distribution of the seeds by wind.  

Daisy Fleabane (Erigeron strigosus). (n.d.). Illinois Wildflowers. Retrieved July 16, 2013, from http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/ds_fleabanex.htm